Подходы к пониманию целостности группы: есть ли реальные различия?
Ключевые слова:
целостность, подобие, взаимодействие, единство, предубеждения, идентификация
Аннотация
Целостность – это ключевое понятие для понимания процессов восприятия социальной группы, однако вопрос его операционализации остается открытым. В литературе существует три теоретических подхода к пониманию целостности группы (целостность, основанная на восприятии подобия членов группы, целостность, основанная на восприятии взаимодействия членов группы, и целостность, основанная на восприятии единства членов группы) и как минимум два разных варианта операционализации данного понятия (либо оценка целостности группы в рамках конкретного теоретического подхода, либо использование общей шкалы целостности, включающей в себя утверждения из разных подходов). Основная цель данной статьи – понять, существуют ли различия между разными подходами к пониманию и операционализации целостности группы. В наших исследованиях целостность группы рассматривалась через три компонента: «подобие» (сходство членов группы), «взаимодействие» (взаимодействие членов группы) и «единство» (сплоченность группы). В исследовании 1 серия конфирматорных факторных анализов показала, что трёхкомпонентная модель целостности группы показывает лучшее соответствие эмпирическим данным по сравнению с альтернативной моделью (целостность как единая шкала). Результаты исследования продемонстрировали, что компоненты целостности взаимосвязаны между собой, но не идентичны друг другу. Этот результат был подтвержден при оценке разных типов групп (ингруппа/аутгруппа, интимная группа/социальные категории). Исследование 2 показало, что способ операционализации целостности (как три отдельных компонента или как общая шкала) не приводит к различиям в связях между целостностью группы, явными и скрытыми предрассудками и идентификацией с группой. В целом результаты исследований продемонстрировали, что между различными способами операционализации целостности группы нет существенных различий. Полученные результаты обсуждаются с точки зрения их вклада в исследования восприятия социальных групп.
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Литература
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19. Gulevich, O. A., Sarieva, I. R., & Prusova, I. S. (2015). Ethnic Prejudices in Russia: Questionnaire Adaptation for the Measurement of Prejudices towards Migrants. Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 12(2), 112-132.
20. Hamilton, D. L. (2007). Understanding the complexities of group perception: broadening the domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.436
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103(2), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336
22. Harasty, A. S. (1996). Perceiving Groups as Entities: The Role of “Entitativity” for impression Formation processes and Stereotype Use. The Ohio State University.
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25. Igarashi, T., & Kashima, Y. (2011). Perceived entitativity of social networks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1048-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.008
26. Ip, G. W., Chiu, C., & Wan, C. (2006). Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait-versus goal-based group perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.368
27. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2011). The induction of shared identity: The positive role of individual distinctiveness for groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407342
28. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2012). Sharing differences: The inductive route to social identity formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1145-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.013
29. Judd, C. M., Park, B., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Gordijn, E. H., & Muller, D. (2005). Attributions of intergroup bias and outgroup homogeneity to ingroup and outgroup others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(6), 677-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.281
30. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E., Chiu, C.-Y., Farsides, T., Gelfand, M., Hong, Y.-Y., … Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). Culture, essentialism, and agency: are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.237
31. Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2014). Conversational flow and entitativity: The role of status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(2), 350-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12027
32. Kurebayashi, K., Hoffman, L., Ryan, C. S., & Murayama, A. (2012). Japanese and American perceptions of group entitativity and autonomy: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110388566
33. Leach, C. W., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-Level Self-Definition and Self-Investment : A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
34. Levy, S. R., Plaks, J., Hong, Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & Dweck, C. S. (2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502
35. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S. J., & Uhles, A. N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.223
36. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: who else was to blame for the Columbine high school shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239045
37. Lovakov, A. V., Agadullina, E. R., & Osin, E. N. (2015). A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification: Examining in Russian Samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.37
38. Mannarini, T., Rochira, A., & Talo, C. (2012). How identification processes and inter-community relationships affect sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop
39. Meneses, R., Ortega, R., Navarro, J., & de Quijano, S. D. (2008). Criteria for assessing the level of group development (LGD) of work groups: Groupness, entitativity, and groupality as theoretical perspectives. Small Group Research, 39(4), 492-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408319787
40. Newheiser, A.-K., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Hewstone, M. (2009). Entitativity and prejudice: Examining their relationship and the moderating effect of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.024
41. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 57-75.
42. Pickett, C. L., & Perrott, D. (2004). Shall I compare thee? Perceived entitativity and ease of comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00121-5
43. Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.
44. Rutchick, A. M., Hamilton, D. L., & Sack, J. D. (2008). Antecedents of entitativity in categorically and dynamically construed groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.555
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2. Boldry, J. G., Gaertner, L., & Quinn, J. (2007). Measuring the Measures: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Measures of Outgroup Homogeneity. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207075153
3. Brewer, M. B., Hong, Y., & Lee, Q. (2004). Dynamic entitativiy: Perceiving groups as actors. In V. Yzerbyt, C. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism(pp. 25-38). New York: Psychology Press.
4. Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London: Routledge.
5. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3(1), 14-25.
6. Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., Bray, S. R., Eys, M. A., Dorsch, K. D., Estabrooks, P. A., … Terry, P. C. (2004). Using consensus as a criterion for groupness: implications for the cohesion-group success relationship. Small Group Research, 35(4), 466-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404263923
7. Castano, E., Sacchi, S., & Gries, P. H. (2003). The perception of the other in international relations: evidence for the polarizing effect of entitativity. Political Psychology, 24(3), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00336
8. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002). I Belong, therefore, I Exist: Ingroup Identification, Ingroup Entitativity, and Ingroup Bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202282001
9. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Bourguignon, D. (2003). We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(6), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.175
10. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
11. Clark, J. K., & Thiem, K. C. (2015). Group communicators, perceived entitativity, and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.005
12. Crawford, M. T., & Salaman, L. (2012). Entitativity, identity, and the fulfilment of psychological needs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 726-730. https://doi.org/10.1016 j.jesp.2011.12.015
13. Crawford, M. T., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). Perceived entitativity, stereotype formation, and the interchangeability of group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1076-1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1076
14. Crump, S. A., Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., Lickel, B., & Thakkar, V. (2010). Group entitativity and similarity: Their differing patterns in perceptions of groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(7), 1212-1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.716
15. Dasgupta, N., Banaji, M. R., & Abelson, R. P. (1999). Group entitativity and group perception: Associations between physical features and psychological judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 991-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.991
16. Denson, T. F., Lickel, B., Curtis, M., Stenstrom, D. M., & Ames, D. R. (2006). The roles of entitativity and essentiality in judgments of collective responsibility. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059857
17. Effron, D., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Supplemental material for entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to express their prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 234-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000020.supp
18. Gaertner, L., & Schopler, J. (1998). Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: an interconnection of self and others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(6), 963-980. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<963::AID-EJSP905>http://3.0.CO;2-S
19. Gulevich, O. A., Sarieva, I. R., & Prusova, I. S. (2015). Ethnic Prejudices in Russia: Questionnaire Adaptation for the Measurement of Prejudices towards Migrants. Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 12(2), 112-132.
20. Hamilton, D. L. (2007). Understanding the complexities of group perception: broadening the domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.436
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103(2), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336
22. Harasty, A. S. (1996). Perceiving Groups as Entities: The Role of “Entitativity” for impression Formation processes and Stereotype Use. The Ohio State University.
23. Hogg, M. a., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.008
24. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
25. Igarashi, T., & Kashima, Y. (2011). Perceived entitativity of social networks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1048-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.008
26. Ip, G. W., Chiu, C., & Wan, C. (2006). Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait-versus goal-based group perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.368
27. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2011). The induction of shared identity: The positive role of individual distinctiveness for groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407342
28. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2012). Sharing differences: The inductive route to social identity formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1145-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.013
29. Judd, C. M., Park, B., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Gordijn, E. H., & Muller, D. (2005). Attributions of intergroup bias and outgroup homogeneity to ingroup and outgroup others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(6), 677-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.281
30. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E., Chiu, C.-Y., Farsides, T., Gelfand, M., Hong, Y.-Y., … Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). Culture, essentialism, and agency: are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.237
31. Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2014). Conversational flow and entitativity: The role of status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(2), 350-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12027
32. Kurebayashi, K., Hoffman, L., Ryan, C. S., & Murayama, A. (2012). Japanese and American perceptions of group entitativity and autonomy: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110388566
33. Leach, C. W., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-Level Self-Definition and Self-Investment : A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
34. Levy, S. R., Plaks, J., Hong, Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & Dweck, C. S. (2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502
35. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S. J., & Uhles, A. N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.223
36. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: who else was to blame for the Columbine high school shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239045
37. Lovakov, A. V., Agadullina, E. R., & Osin, E. N. (2015). A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification: Examining in Russian Samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.37
38. Mannarini, T., Rochira, A., & Talo, C. (2012). How identification processes and inter-community relationships affect sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop
39. Meneses, R., Ortega, R., Navarro, J., & de Quijano, S. D. (2008). Criteria for assessing the level of group development (LGD) of work groups: Groupness, entitativity, and groupality as theoretical perspectives. Small Group Research, 39(4), 492-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408319787
40. Newheiser, A.-K., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Hewstone, M. (2009). Entitativity and prejudice: Examining their relationship and the moderating effect of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.024
41. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 57-75.
42. Pickett, C. L., & Perrott, D. (2004). Shall I compare thee? Perceived entitativity and ease of comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00121-5
43. Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.
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Опубликован
2018-11-06
Как цитировать
АгадуллинаЕ. Р., & ЛоваковА. В. (2018). Подходы к пониманию целостности группы: есть ли реальные различия?. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 14(3), 536-554. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2017-3-536-554
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