Understanding Entitativity: Are There Real Differences between Approaches?
Keywords:
entitativity, essence, agency, unity, prejudice, identification
Abstract
Entitativity is a key construct for understanding group perception. But the question of understanding this construct is troublesome. There are three theoretical approaches to understanding group entitativity (essence-based entitativity, agency-based entitativity and unity-based entitativity) and at least two different empirical strategies for measuring the entitativity (operationalization in one of the theoretical approaches and entitativity as a set of characteristics from different approaches that work as a common scale). This paper aims to answer the question whether there are any differences in the various understanding of entitativity. In our studies entitativity is described as involving three components: “essence” (the group members’ similarity), “agency” (the goals and the interaction between group members) and “unity” (the cohesion of a group and the degree of the group importance). In Study 1 a series of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the three-component model of entitativity fitted the data well for different groups (ingroup, outgroup, intimacy groups and social categories) and demonstrated a better fit compared to the alternative model (entitativity as a common construct). The results of the study suggest that the components of entitativity are interrelated, but not identical to each other. Study 2 demonstrated that the use of different ways of understanding entitativity (such as “essence”, “agency”, and “unity” components or the common entitativity scale) doesn’t lead to differences related to blatant prejudice, subtle prejudice, and identification. Our results demonstrate that there are no substantial differences between the measurements of entitativity. The implications of the obtained results for future research are discussed.
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References
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3. Brewer, M. B., Hong, Y., & Lee, Q. (2004). Dynamic entitativiy: Perceiving groups as actors. In V. Yzerbyt, C. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism(pp. 25-38). New York: Psychology Press.
4. Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London: Routledge.
5. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3(1), 14-25.
6. Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., Bray, S. R., Eys, M. A., Dorsch, K. D., Estabrooks, P. A., … Terry, P. C. (2004). Using consensus as a criterion for groupness: implications for the cohesion-group success relationship. Small Group Research, 35(4), 466-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404263923
7. Castano, E., Sacchi, S., & Gries, P. H. (2003). The perception of the other in international relations: evidence for the polarizing effect of entitativity. Political Psychology, 24(3), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00336
8. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002). I Belong, therefore, I Exist: Ingroup Identification, Ingroup Entitativity, and Ingroup Bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202282001
9. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Bourguignon, D. (2003). We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(6), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.175
10. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
11. Clark, J. K., & Thiem, K. C. (2015). Group communicators, perceived entitativity, and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.005
12. Crawford, M. T., & Salaman, L. (2012). Entitativity, identity, and the fulfilment of psychological needs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 726-730. https://doi.org/10.1016 j.jesp.2011.12.015
13. Crawford, M. T., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). Perceived entitativity, stereotype formation, and the interchangeability of group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1076-1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1076
14. Crump, S. A., Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., Lickel, B., & Thakkar, V. (2010). Group entitativity and similarity: Their differing patterns in perceptions of groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(7), 1212-1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.716
15. Dasgupta, N., Banaji, M. R., & Abelson, R. P. (1999). Group entitativity and group perception: Associations between physical features and psychological judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 991-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.991
16. Denson, T. F., Lickel, B., Curtis, M., Stenstrom, D. M., & Ames, D. R. (2006). The roles of entitativity and essentiality in judgments of collective responsibility. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059857
17. Effron, D., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Supplemental material for entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to express their prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 234-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000020.supp
18. Gaertner, L., & Schopler, J. (1998). Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: an interconnection of self and others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(6), 963-980. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<963::AID-EJSP905>http://3.0.CO;2-S
19. Gulevich, O. A., Sarieva, I. R., & Prusova, I. S. (2015). Ethnic Prejudices in Russia: Questionnaire Adaptation for the Measurement of Prejudices towards Migrants. Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 12(2), 112-132.
20. Hamilton, D. L. (2007). Understanding the complexities of group perception: broadening the domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.436
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103(2), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336
22. Harasty, A. S. (1996). Perceiving Groups as Entities: The Role of “Entitativity” for impression Formation processes and Stereotype Use. The Ohio State University.
23. Hogg, M. a., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.008
24. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
25. Igarashi, T., & Kashima, Y. (2011). Perceived entitativity of social networks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1048-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.008
26. Ip, G. W., Chiu, C., & Wan, C. (2006). Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait-versus goal-based group perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.368
27. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2011). The induction of shared identity: The positive role of individual distinctiveness for groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407342
28. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2012). Sharing differences: The inductive route to social identity formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1145-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.013
29. Judd, C. M., Park, B., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Gordijn, E. H., & Muller, D. (2005). Attributions of intergroup bias and outgroup homogeneity to ingroup and outgroup others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(6), 677-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.281
30. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E., Chiu, C.-Y., Farsides, T., Gelfand, M., Hong, Y.-Y., … Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). Culture, essentialism, and agency: are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.237
31. Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2014). Conversational flow and entitativity: The role of status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(2), 350-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12027
32. Kurebayashi, K., Hoffman, L., Ryan, C. S., & Murayama, A. (2012). Japanese and American perceptions of group entitativity and autonomy: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110388566
33. Leach, C. W., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-Level Self-Definition and Self-Investment : A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
34. Levy, S. R., Plaks, J., Hong, Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & Dweck, C. S. (2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502
35. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S. J., & Uhles, A. N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.223
36. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: who else was to blame for the Columbine high school shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239045
37. Lovakov, A. V., Agadullina, E. R., & Osin, E. N. (2015). A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification: Examining in Russian Samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.37
38. Mannarini, T., Rochira, A., & Talo, C. (2012). How identification processes and inter-community relationships affect sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop
39. Meneses, R., Ortega, R., Navarro, J., & de Quijano, S. D. (2008). Criteria for assessing the level of group development (LGD) of work groups: Groupness, entitativity, and groupality as theoretical perspectives. Small Group Research, 39(4), 492-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408319787
40. Newheiser, A.-K., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Hewstone, M. (2009). Entitativity and prejudice: Examining their relationship and the moderating effect of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.024
41. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 57-75.
42. Pickett, C. L., & Perrott, D. (2004). Shall I compare thee? Perceived entitativity and ease of comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00121-5
43. Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.
44. Rutchick, A. M., Hamilton, D. L., & Sack, J. D. (2008). Antecedents of entitativity in categorically and dynamically construed groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.555
45. Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2005). Perceptions of entitativity and attitude change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271316
46. Sacchi, S., Castano, E., & Brauer, M. (2009). Perceiving one’s nation: Entitativity, agency and security in the international arena. International Journal of Psychology, 44(5), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802236233
47. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514.
48. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (2007). The central role of entitativity in stereotypes of social categories and task groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.369
49. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Williams, M. J., Hamilton, D. L., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2007). Culture and group perception: dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.525
50. Welbourne, J. L. (1999). The impact of perceived entitivity on inconsistency resolution for groups and individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(5), 481-508. article. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1387
2. Boldry, J. G., Gaertner, L., & Quinn, J. (2007). Measuring the Measures: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Measures of Outgroup Homogeneity. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207075153
3. Brewer, M. B., Hong, Y., & Lee, Q. (2004). Dynamic entitativiy: Perceiving groups as actors. In V. Yzerbyt, C. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism(pp. 25-38). New York: Psychology Press.
4. Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London: Routledge.
5. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3(1), 14-25.
6. Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., Bray, S. R., Eys, M. A., Dorsch, K. D., Estabrooks, P. A., … Terry, P. C. (2004). Using consensus as a criterion for groupness: implications for the cohesion-group success relationship. Small Group Research, 35(4), 466-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404263923
7. Castano, E., Sacchi, S., & Gries, P. H. (2003). The perception of the other in international relations: evidence for the polarizing effect of entitativity. Political Psychology, 24(3), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00336
8. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002). I Belong, therefore, I Exist: Ingroup Identification, Ingroup Entitativity, and Ingroup Bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202282001
9. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Bourguignon, D. (2003). We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(6), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.175
10. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
11. Clark, J. K., & Thiem, K. C. (2015). Group communicators, perceived entitativity, and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.005
12. Crawford, M. T., & Salaman, L. (2012). Entitativity, identity, and the fulfilment of psychological needs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 726-730. https://doi.org/10.1016 j.jesp.2011.12.015
13. Crawford, M. T., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). Perceived entitativity, stereotype formation, and the interchangeability of group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1076-1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1076
14. Crump, S. A., Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., Lickel, B., & Thakkar, V. (2010). Group entitativity and similarity: Their differing patterns in perceptions of groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(7), 1212-1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.716
15. Dasgupta, N., Banaji, M. R., & Abelson, R. P. (1999). Group entitativity and group perception: Associations between physical features and psychological judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 991-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.991
16. Denson, T. F., Lickel, B., Curtis, M., Stenstrom, D. M., & Ames, D. R. (2006). The roles of entitativity and essentiality in judgments of collective responsibility. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059857
17. Effron, D., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Supplemental material for entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to express their prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 234-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000020.supp
18. Gaertner, L., & Schopler, J. (1998). Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: an interconnection of self and others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(6), 963-980. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<963::AID-EJSP905>http://3.0.CO;2-S
19. Gulevich, O. A., Sarieva, I. R., & Prusova, I. S. (2015). Ethnic Prejudices in Russia: Questionnaire Adaptation for the Measurement of Prejudices towards Migrants. Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 12(2), 112-132.
20. Hamilton, D. L. (2007). Understanding the complexities of group perception: broadening the domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1077-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.436
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103(2), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336
22. Harasty, A. S. (1996). Perceiving Groups as Entities: The Role of “Entitativity” for impression Formation processes and Stereotype Use. The Ohio State University.
23. Hogg, M. a., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.008
24. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
25. Igarashi, T., & Kashima, Y. (2011). Perceived entitativity of social networks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1048-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.008
26. Ip, G. W., Chiu, C., & Wan, C. (2006). Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait-versus goal-based group perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.368
27. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2011). The induction of shared identity: The positive role of individual distinctiveness for groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407342
28. Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2012). Sharing differences: The inductive route to social identity formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1145-1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.013
29. Judd, C. M., Park, B., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Gordijn, E. H., & Muller, D. (2005). Attributions of intergroup bias and outgroup homogeneity to ingroup and outgroup others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(6), 677-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.281
30. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E., Chiu, C.-Y., Farsides, T., Gelfand, M., Hong, Y.-Y., … Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). Culture, essentialism, and agency: are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.237
31. Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2014). Conversational flow and entitativity: The role of status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(2), 350-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12027
32. Kurebayashi, K., Hoffman, L., Ryan, C. S., & Murayama, A. (2012). Japanese and American perceptions of group entitativity and autonomy: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110388566
33. Leach, C. W., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-Level Self-Definition and Self-Investment : A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
34. Levy, S. R., Plaks, J., Hong, Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & Dweck, C. S. (2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502
35. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S. J., & Uhles, A. N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.223
36. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: who else was to blame for the Columbine high school shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239045
37. Lovakov, A. V., Agadullina, E. R., & Osin, E. N. (2015). A Hierarchical (Multicomponent) Model of In-Group Identification: Examining in Russian Samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.37
38. Mannarini, T., Rochira, A., & Talo, C. (2012). How identification processes and inter-community relationships affect sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop
39. Meneses, R., Ortega, R., Navarro, J., & de Quijano, S. D. (2008). Criteria for assessing the level of group development (LGD) of work groups: Groupness, entitativity, and groupality as theoretical perspectives. Small Group Research, 39(4), 492-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408319787
40. Newheiser, A.-K., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Hewstone, M. (2009). Entitativity and prejudice: Examining their relationship and the moderating effect of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.024
41. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 57, 57-75.
42. Pickett, C. L., & Perrott, D. (2004). Shall I compare thee? Perceived entitativity and ease of comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00121-5
43. Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.
44. Rutchick, A. M., Hamilton, D. L., & Sack, J. D. (2008). Antecedents of entitativity in categorically and dynamically construed groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.555
45. Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2005). Perceptions of entitativity and attitude change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271316
46. Sacchi, S., Castano, E., & Brauer, M. (2009). Perceiving one’s nation: Entitativity, agency and security in the international arena. International Journal of Psychology, 44(5), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802236233
47. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514.
48. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (2007). The central role of entitativity in stereotypes of social categories and task groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.369
49. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Williams, M. J., Hamilton, D. L., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2007). Culture and group perception: dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.525
50. Welbourne, J. L. (1999). The impact of perceived entitivity on inconsistency resolution for groups and individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(5), 481-508. article. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1387
Published
2018-11-06
How to Cite
АгадуллинаЕ. Р., & ЛоваковА. В. (2018). Understanding Entitativity: Are There Real Differences between Approaches?. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 14(3), 536-554. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2017-3-536-554
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