Объем и точность зрительной рабочей памяти на объекты и ансамбли
Ключевые слова:
зрительная рабочая память, восприятие объектов, восприятие ансамблей
Аннотация
Предыдущие исследования показывают, что объем зрительной рабочей памяти на цвета объектов ограничен и равен примерно 3-5 элементам. Данные, полученные в других исследованиях, утверждают, что множественные объекты могут храниться в форме более компактного представления – зрительного ансамбля. В то же время, исследования зрительных ансамблей показывают, что в зрительной рабочей памяти одновременно могут храниться только два ансамбля. Возможно, данные различия связаны со способами измерения характеристик зрительной рабочей памяти, использованными в различных исследованиях: запоминание ансамблей не тестировалось при помощи методов, используемых для исследования памяти на объекты. Мы измерили объем и точность зрительной рабочей памяти для объектов и ансамблей, используя два стандартных метода – метод обнаружения изменений и метод градуального отчета с использованием моделей смешения (Mixture model). Мы обнаружили, что объем и точность зрительной рабочей памяти на объекты и ансамбли одинаковы, при контроле основных психофизических параметров: фовеальной плотности и площади предъявления ансамблей и объектов. Мы также показали, что сходство объемов зрительной рабочей памяти для объектов и ансамблей обеспечивается механизмом, позволяющим хранить ансамбль в зрительной рабочей памяти в форме целостной репрезентации, что аналогично эффективному хранению информации о единичных объектах.
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Литература
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4. Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2009). Spatial ensemble statistics are efficient codes that can be represented with reduced attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 7345-7350.
5. Ariely, D. (2001). Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12, 157-162.
6. Ariely, D. (2008). Better than average? When can we say that subsampling of items is better than statistical summary representations? Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 1325-1326.
7. Attarha, M., & Moore, C. M. (2015). The capacity limitations of orientation summary statistics. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 77, 1116-1131.
8. Attarha, M., Moore, C. M., & Vecera, S. P. (2014). Summary statistics of size: Fixed processing capaci -ty for multiple ensembles but unlimited processing capacity for single ensembles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 1440-1449.
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10. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
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13. Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory: Ensemble statistics bias memory for individual items. Psychological Science, 22(3), 384-392.
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20. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87-114.
21. Dakin, S. C., & Watt, R. J. (1997). The computation of orientation statistics from visual texture. Vision Research, 37, 3181-3192.
22. Fougnie, D., Asplund, C. L., & Marois, R. (2010), What are the units of storage in visual working memory? Journal of Vision, 10(12), 27.
23. Haberman, J., & Whitney, D. (2007). Rapid extraction of mean emotion and gender from sets of faces. Current Biology, 17, R751-R753.
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25. Halberda, J., Sires, S. F., & Feigenson, L. (2006). Multiple spatially overlapping sets can be enumerated in parallel. Psychological Science, 17(7), 572-576.
26. Huang, L. (2015). Statistical properties demand as much attention as object features. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0131191.
27. Im, H. Y., & Chong, S. C. (2014). Mean size as a unit of visual working memory. Perception, 43, 663-676.
28. Im, H. Y., Park, S. J., & Chong, S. C. (2015). Ensemble statistics as units of selection. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27, 114-127.
29. Jiang, Y., Chun, M. M., & Marks, L. E. (2002). Visual marking: selective attention to asynchronous temporal groups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 717-730.
30. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279-281.
31. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (2013). Visual working memory capacity: from psychophysics and neurobiology to individual differences. Trends in Cognitive Science, 17, 391-400.
32. Marchant, A. P., Simons, D. J., & De Fockert, J. W. (2013). Ensemble representations: Effects of set size and item heterogeneity on average size perception. Acta Psychologica, 142, 245-250.
33. Maule, J., & Franklin, A. (2016). Accurate rapid averaging of multihue ensembles is due to an limited capacity subsampling mechanism. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33, A22-A29.
34. Myczek, K., & Simons, D. J. (2008). Better than average: alternatives to statistical summary representations for rapid judgments of average size. Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 772-788.
35. Olson, I. R., & Jiang, Y. (2002). Is visual short-term memory object based? Rejection of the “strongobject” hypothesis. Perception and Psychophysics, 64, 1055-1067.
36. Pashler, H. (1988). Familiarity and the detection of change in visual displays. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 369-378.
37. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics, 16, 283-290.
38. Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, 8-13.
39. Poltoratski, S., & Xu, Y. (2013). The association of color memory and the enumeration of multiple spatially overlapping sets. Journal of Vision, 13(8), 6. Retrieved from http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/8/6
40. Robitaille, N., & Harris, I. M. (2011). When more is less: Extraction of summary statistics benefits from larger sets. Journal of Vision, 11(12), 18. Retrieved from http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/12/18
41. Simons, D. J., & Myczek, K. (2008). Average size perception and the allure of a new mechanism. Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 1335-1336.
42. Suchow, J. W., Brady, T. F., Fougnie, D., & Alvarez, G. A. (2013). Modeling visual working memory with the MemToolbox. Journal of Vision, 13(10), 9.
43. Trick, L. M., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1993). What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: Evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 331-351.
44. Utochkin, I. S. (2016). Visual enumeration of spatially overlapping subsets. The Russian Journal of Cognitive Science, 3, 4-20.
45. Utochkin, I. S., & Tiurina, N. A. (2014). Parallel averaging of size is possible but range-limited: A reply to Marchant, Simons, and De Fockert. Acta Psychologica, 146, 7-18.
46. Watamaniuk, S. N. J., & Duchon, A. (1992). The human visual-system averages speed information. Vision Research, 32, 931-941.
47. Watson, D. G., Maylor, E. A., & Bruce, L. A. M. (2005). The efficiency of feature-based subitization and counting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1449-1462.
48. Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 48-64.
49. Whiting, B. F., & Oriet, C. (2011). Rapid averaging? Not so fast. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 484-489.
50. Wilken, P., & Ma, W. J. (2004). A detection theory account of change detection. Journal of Vision, 4(12), 1120-1135.
51. Yamanashi Leib, A., Kosovicheva, A., & Whitney, D. (2016). Fast ensemble representations for abstract visual impressions. Nature Communications, 7, 13186.
52. Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 601-621.
53. Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature, 452, 233-235.
2. Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 15, 122-131.
3. Alvarez, G. A., & Cavanagh, P. (2004). The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects. Psychological Science, 15(2), 106-111.
4. Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2009). Spatial ensemble statistics are efficient codes that can be represented with reduced attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 7345-7350.
5. Ariely, D. (2001). Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12, 157-162.
6. Ariely, D. (2008). Better than average? When can we say that subsampling of items is better than statistical summary representations? Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 1325-1326.
7. Attarha, M., & Moore, C. M. (2015). The capacity limitations of orientation summary statistics. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 77, 1116-1131.
8. Attarha, M., Moore, C. M., & Vecera, S. P. (2014). Summary statistics of size: Fixed processing capaci -ty for multiple ensembles but unlimited processing capacity for single ensembles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 1440-1449.
9. Awh, E., Barton, B., & Vogel, E. K. (2007). Visual working memory represents a fixed number of items regardless of complexity. Psychological Science, 18(7), 622-628.
10. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
11. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
12. Bauer, B. (2009). Does Stevens’s power law for brightness extend to perceptual brightness averaging? Psychological Record, 59, 171-186.
13. Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory: Ensemble statistics bias memory for individual items. Psychological Science, 22(3), 384-392.
14. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2009). Compression in visual working memory: using statistical regularities to form more efficient memory representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(4), 487-502.
15. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and toward structured representations. Journal of Vision, 11(5), 4-4.
16. Chong, S. C., Joo, S. J., Emmanouil, T.-A., & Treisman, A. (2008). Statistical processing: Not so implausible after all. Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 1327-1334.
17. Chong, S. C., & Treisman, A. M. (2003). Representation of statistical properties. Vision Research, 43, 393-404.
18. Chong, S. C., & Treisman, A. M. (2005). Statistical processing: Computing average size in perceptual groups. Vision Research, 45, 891-900.
19. Corbett, J. E. (2017). The whole warps the sum of its parts: Gestalt-defined-group mean size biases memory for individual objects. Psychological Science, 28(1), 12-22.
20. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87-114.
21. Dakin, S. C., & Watt, R. J. (1997). The computation of orientation statistics from visual texture. Vision Research, 37, 3181-3192.
22. Fougnie, D., Asplund, C. L., & Marois, R. (2010), What are the units of storage in visual working memory? Journal of Vision, 10(12), 27.
23. Haberman, J., & Whitney, D. (2007). Rapid extraction of mean emotion and gender from sets of faces. Current Biology, 17, R751-R753.
24. Haberman, J., & Whitney, D. (2009). Seeing the mean: Ensemble coding for sets of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 718-734.
25. Halberda, J., Sires, S. F., & Feigenson, L. (2006). Multiple spatially overlapping sets can be enumerated in parallel. Psychological Science, 17(7), 572-576.
26. Huang, L. (2015). Statistical properties demand as much attention as object features. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0131191.
27. Im, H. Y., & Chong, S. C. (2014). Mean size as a unit of visual working memory. Perception, 43, 663-676.
28. Im, H. Y., Park, S. J., & Chong, S. C. (2015). Ensemble statistics as units of selection. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27, 114-127.
29. Jiang, Y., Chun, M. M., & Marks, L. E. (2002). Visual marking: selective attention to asynchronous temporal groups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 717-730.
30. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279-281.
31. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (2013). Visual working memory capacity: from psychophysics and neurobiology to individual differences. Trends in Cognitive Science, 17, 391-400.
32. Marchant, A. P., Simons, D. J., & De Fockert, J. W. (2013). Ensemble representations: Effects of set size and item heterogeneity on average size perception. Acta Psychologica, 142, 245-250.
33. Maule, J., & Franklin, A. (2016). Accurate rapid averaging of multihue ensembles is due to an limited capacity subsampling mechanism. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 33, A22-A29.
34. Myczek, K., & Simons, D. J. (2008). Better than average: alternatives to statistical summary representations for rapid judgments of average size. Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 772-788.
35. Olson, I. R., & Jiang, Y. (2002). Is visual short-term memory object based? Rejection of the “strongobject” hypothesis. Perception and Psychophysics, 64, 1055-1067.
36. Pashler, H. (1988). Familiarity and the detection of change in visual displays. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 369-378.
37. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics, 16, 283-290.
38. Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, 8-13.
39. Poltoratski, S., & Xu, Y. (2013). The association of color memory and the enumeration of multiple spatially overlapping sets. Journal of Vision, 13(8), 6. Retrieved from http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/8/6
40. Robitaille, N., & Harris, I. M. (2011). When more is less: Extraction of summary statistics benefits from larger sets. Journal of Vision, 11(12), 18. Retrieved from http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/12/18
41. Simons, D. J., & Myczek, K. (2008). Average size perception and the allure of a new mechanism. Perception and Psychophysics, 70, 1335-1336.
42. Suchow, J. W., Brady, T. F., Fougnie, D., & Alvarez, G. A. (2013). Modeling visual working memory with the MemToolbox. Journal of Vision, 13(10), 9.
43. Trick, L. M., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1993). What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: Evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 331-351.
44. Utochkin, I. S. (2016). Visual enumeration of spatially overlapping subsets. The Russian Journal of Cognitive Science, 3, 4-20.
45. Utochkin, I. S., & Tiurina, N. A. (2014). Parallel averaging of size is possible but range-limited: A reply to Marchant, Simons, and De Fockert. Acta Psychologica, 146, 7-18.
46. Watamaniuk, S. N. J., & Duchon, A. (1992). The human visual-system averages speed information. Vision Research, 32, 931-941.
47. Watson, D. G., Maylor, E. A., & Bruce, L. A. M. (2005). The efficiency of feature-based subitization and counting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1449-1462.
48. Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 48-64.
49. Whiting, B. F., & Oriet, C. (2011). Rapid averaging? Not so fast. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 484-489.
50. Wilken, P., & Ma, W. J. (2004). A detection theory account of change detection. Journal of Vision, 4(12), 1120-1135.
51. Yamanashi Leib, A., Kosovicheva, A., & Whitney, D. (2016). Fast ensemble representations for abstract visual impressions. Nature Communications, 7, 13186.
52. Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 601-621.
53. Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature, 452, 233-235.
Опубликован
2018-11-06
Как цитировать
МарковЮ. А., ТюринаН. А., СтакинаЮ. М., & УточкинИ. С. (2018). Объем и точность зрительной рабочей памяти на объекты и ансамбли. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 14(4), 735-755. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2017-4-735-755
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