Эмпатический отклик у детей раннего возраста: роль собственного негативного опыта и наблюдения утешающего поведения
Ключевые слова:
развитие эмпатии, эмпатическое поведение, схожий опыт, модель просоциального акта
Аннотация
Многочисленные данные обнаруживают роль вклада различных социальных факторов в развитие эмпатии в раннем возрасте. Данное исследование призвано расширить понимание роли ряда социальных факторов, участвующих в усвоении комплексного поведенческого репертуара, необходимого для осуществления эмпатического поведения. В частности, мы пытались понять, способствуют ли проявлению эмпатического поведения (например, актам альтруизма или утешения) такие факторы, как схожий негативный опыт и демонстрация модели утешающего поведения у детей раннего возраста. Мы измеряли частоту эмпатических актов в ответ на фрустрацию другого в четырех экспериментальных группах, а именно: в группе, где дети испытывали ранее схожий опыт фрустрации (не обнаруживали ожидаемую игрушку в коробке), vs в группе, где дети не испытывали ранее похожий опыт, а также в группе, где дети наблюдали социальную модель утешающего поведения, vs когда они не наблюдали такой модели. В процессе экспериментальной процедуры мы также фиксировали возникающие эмоциональные реакции у детей в ответ на свои и чужие события. Результаты показали, что схожий негативный опыт не имеет значимого влияния на проявление эмпатического поведения, тогда как знакомая поведенческая модель утешения способствует более частому проявлению эмпатических актов помощи детьми. Результаты обсуждаются в соотнесении с существующими данными о влиянии схожего опыта на проявление эмпатического поведения, а также данными о связи эмпатии и родительского стиля, социализации и просоциального развития.
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Литература
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18. Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., & Coy, K. C. (1999). Implications of the mother-child relationship in infancy for socialization in the second year of life.Infant Behavior and Development, 22(2), 249-265.
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20. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others’ needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1205-1224.
21. Nichols, S. R., Svetlova, M., & Brownell, C. A. (2009). The role of social understanding and empathic disposition in young children’s responsiveness to distress in parents and peers. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 449-478.
22. Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 167-178.
23. Preston, S. D., & De Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(01), 1-20.
24. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(6), 988-999.
25. Sommerville, J. A., Schmidt, M. F., Yun, J. E., & Burns, M. (2013). The development of fairness expectations and prosocial behavior in the second year of life. Infancy, 18(1), 40-66.
26. Stotland, E., & Dunn, R. E. (1963). Empathy, self-esteem, and birth order.The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 532-540.
27. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Children’s anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: Relations with parents’ empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13(2), 229-254.
28. Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., & Sulik, M. J. (2013). The relations of egoresiliency and emotion socialization to the development of empathy and prosocial behavior across early childhood. Emotion, 13(5), 822-831.
29. Van der Mark, I., van Izendoorn, M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 6, 451-468.
30. Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 4, 107-130.
31. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Developmentofconcernfor others. DevelopmentalPsychology, 2, 126-136.
2. Barnett, M. A. (1984). Similarity of experience and empathy in preschoolers. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145(2), 241-250.
3. Barnett, M. A., Tetreault, P. A., Esper, J. A., & Bristow, A. R. (1986). Similarity and empathy: The experience of rape. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126(1), 47-49.
4. Barnett, M. A., Tetreault, P. A., & Masbad, I. (1987). Empathy with a rape victim: The role of similarity of experience. Violence and Victims, 2(4), 255-262.
5. Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
6. Bischof-Köhler, D. (1991). The development of empathy in infants. In M. E. Lamb & H. Keller (Eds.), Infant development. Perspectives from German speaking countries (pp. 245-273). Hillsdale, MI: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R., & Drummond, J. (2013). Socialization of early prosocial behavior: Parents’ talk about emotions is associated with sharing and helping in toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 91-119.
8. Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9. Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100.
10. Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2006). A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(2), 54-58.
11. Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2009). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, 6, 71-83.
12. Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Sadovsky, A. (2006). Empathy-related responding in children. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 517-549). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publ.
13. Ensor, R., & Hughes, C. (2005). More than talk: Relations between emotion understanding and positive behaviour in toddlers. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 343-363.
14. Garner, P. W., Dunsmore, J. C., & Southam-Gerrow, M. (2008). Mother-child conversations about emotions: Linkages to child aggression and prosocial behavior. Social Development,17(2), 259-277.
15. Gross, R. L., Drummond, J., Satlof-Bedrick, E., Waugh, W. E., Svetlova, M., & Brownell, C. A. (2015). Individual differences in toddlers’ social understanding and prosocial behavior: disposition or socialization? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 600. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00600
16. Hodges, S. D., Kiel, K. J., Kramer, A. D., Veach, D., & Villanueva, B. R. (2010). Giving birth to empathy: The effects of similar experience on empathic accuracy, empathic concern, and perceived empathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 398-409.
17. Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial behavior. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions(3rd ed., pp. 440-455). New York/London: Guilford Publ.
18. Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., & Coy, K. C. (1999). Implications of the mother-child relationship in infancy for socialization in the second year of life.Infant Behavior and Development, 22(2), 249-265.
19. Laible, D. J., & Carlo, G. (2004). The differential relations of maternal and paternal support and control to adolescent social competence, self-worth, and sympathy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 759-782.
20. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others’ needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1205-1224.
21. Nichols, S. R., Svetlova, M., & Brownell, C. A. (2009). The role of social understanding and empathic disposition in young children’s responsiveness to distress in parents and peers. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 449-478.
22. Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 167-178.
23. Preston, S. D., & De Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(01), 1-20.
24. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(6), 988-999.
25. Sommerville, J. A., Schmidt, M. F., Yun, J. E., & Burns, M. (2013). The development of fairness expectations and prosocial behavior in the second year of life. Infancy, 18(1), 40-66.
26. Stotland, E., & Dunn, R. E. (1963). Empathy, self-esteem, and birth order.The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 532-540.
27. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Children’s anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: Relations with parents’ empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13(2), 229-254.
28. Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., & Sulik, M. J. (2013). The relations of egoresiliency and emotion socialization to the development of empathy and prosocial behavior across early childhood. Emotion, 13(5), 822-831.
29. Van der Mark, I., van Izendoorn, M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 6, 451-468.
30. Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 4, 107-130.
31. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Developmentofconcernfor others. DevelopmentalPsychology, 2, 126-136.
Опубликован
2018-11-06
Как цитировать
ЮдинаТ. О., & КотоваТ. Н. (2018). Эмпатический отклик у детей раннего возраста: роль собственного негативного опыта и наблюдения утешающего поведения. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 14(2), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2017-2-262-276
Выпуск
Раздел
Современные исследования когнитивного развития: социальное научение,коммуникации
